PLA is the most beginner-friendly filament. It prints at relatively low temperatures (190–220 °C), has minimal warping, and usually doesn’t require a heated bed. It also comes in a wide range of colors and specialty blends (wood, glow-in-the-dark, etc.).

Most filaments (especially PETG, Nylon, and TPU) absorb moisture. Store spools in airtight containers or resealable bags with desiccant packs. If filament feels brittle or prints poorly, try drying it in a filament dryer or a low-temp oven (40–50 °C) for a few hours.

Common causes of clogs include residue build-up, incorrect temperature (too low or too high), and moist filament causing steam bubbles.
**Fixes:**
1. Perform a “cold pull” with nylon or cleaning filament
2. Adjust nozzle temperature in small increments
3. Use high-quality, well-stored filament

Stringing happens when melted filament oozes out during non-printing moves. To reduce stringing:
- Enable retraction in your slicer (2–6 mm @ 25–40 mm/s)
- Lower print temperature in 5 °C steps until stringing stops
- Enable coasting or wipe-nozzle features if your slicer supports them
- Dry your filament

Warping or parts lifting can be prevented by: - Carefully leveling the bed so the nozzle is evenly close across the surface - Using a heated bed (e.g. PLA at 50–60 °C; PETG at 70–80 °C) - Applying adhesives like glue stick, painter’s tape, or PEI sheets - Printing a brim or raft around small objects

**Nozzle:** 0.4 mm is standard; use 0.2 mm or smaller for fine details, 0.6 mm or larger for faster, stronger prints. **Layer Height:** Typically 25–75 % of nozzle diameter (e.g. 0.2 mm for a 0.4 mm nozzle).

Over-extrusion can cause bulging corners. To correct: - Calibrate your extruder steps/mm (E-steps) - Adjust flow rate/extrusion multiplier in your slicer by –2 – 5 % - Verify filament diameter in your slicer matches the actual measured value

Strengthen your prints by: - Increasing infill density or choosing stronger patterns (grid, gyroid) - Printing more outer walls/shells - Using high-strength filaments (Nylon GF, PETG, ABS PRO) - Optimizing layer bonding by printing slightly hotter and slower

Key parameters to tune are: 1. Print temperature & bed temperature 2. Retraction distance & speed 3. Layer height 4. Print speed (slower often yields better detail) 5. Cooling fan settings

- Wipe the build plate with isopropyl alcohol regularly - Lubricate rails and lead screws with light machine oil - Check and tighten belts and pulley set screws monthly - Inspect the nozzle for deposits; perform cold pulls or replace as needed

ABS can warp due to thermal contraction. Prevent it by: - Using an enclosure to maintain ambient temperature - Heating the bed to 90–110 °C - Applying an ABS slurry coat on the bed - Printing a brim to anchor the edges

Yes. Options include: - Dual-extruder printers for two nozzles - Pausing mid-print on single-nozzle machines to swap filament - Color-blending systems (e.g. Prusa MMU2S or Mosaic Palette) for smooth transitions